36.天文系 关于太空的内容.pdf

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1、TM CLOUDY NIGHT ASTRONOMY Overcast? Essential tips on how you can still observe the night sky WATER WORLDS F AIL URE TO LAUNCH Why theyre not ideal for life NASA reveals the missions you missed THE MUST-HAVE OBSERVING KIT FOR ALL BUDGETS WIN! CELESTRON TELESCOPE WORTH 699 FAILURE FAILURE Overcast? E

2、ssential tips on how you can still ELESTRO ON ELESCOP PE WORTH 69 99 TM FAILURE Why theyre not ideal for life NEW ASTEROID LANDING IMAGES YOUR ASTROPHOTOS MERCURY 13 INTERVIEW KIT T T T T T T T T F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F FO O O O O O

3、 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O OR R R R R R R R R R R R BEHIND THE SCENES MARS 2 NAT GEOS DARK MATTER Have mist galaxies nally solved its mysteries? mist mist galaxies lly solved its d

4、i t Revealed! The new research that tells us what exists beyond space and time ISSUE 084Welc ome Our contributors include As I write this, the south coast of the UK is blanketed in wall-to-wall cloud Im sure I speak for all fellow astronomers, who are looking forward to a night under a selection of

5、Solar System and deep-sky objects, when I say our planets coverage is a constant source of annoyance. That is, alongside light pollution. Thats why Im extremely pleased to reveal that, this issue, All About Space presents the best tips and tricks so you can still make the most of astronomy even when

6、 its cloudy outside. While you need some patience for some of our suggestions, weve ensured that theres something for everyone youll never have to put your hobby on hold ever again! If youre clouded out this month, then make sure you Gemma Lavender Editor Keep up to date James Romero Space science w

7、riter Its a mystery within a mystery could perplexing misfit galaxies be explained by the equally mysterious dark matter ? James has the details on page 38. Jamie Carter Astronomer Stuck for what to do on a cloudy night? Jamie reveals the tips and tricks you need to make the most of the night sky ev

8、en when its overcast. Colin Stuart Author does space have a final dimension? Over on page 16, astrophysicists are considering if theres ten or even 26 dimensions beyond what we perceive to be space and time. Enjoy the issue! Tobias Roetsch Water worlds seem a lot more common than first thought GET F

9、REE ALL ABOUT SPACE BONUS CONTENT SIGN UP ONLINE AT SPACEANSWERS.COMNEWSLETTER ALL ABOUT SPACE ISSUE 85 ON SALE 6 DECEMBER! Available from supermarkets, newsagents and online at myfavouritemagazines.co.ukFEATURES CONTENTS 06 A sunrise from above the atmosphere, another successful SpaceX launch and a

10、strobiologists are pushing harder for the search for extraterrestrial life to be better funded by NASA LAUNCH PA D YOUR FIRST CONTACT WITH THE UNIVERSE spaceanswers TWEET US / AllAboutSpaceMagazine POST ON FACEBOOK space SEND US AN EMAIL 16 Does space have a final dimension? Astrophysicists reveal i

11、f theres a true end to the universe 24 Missi on Profil e Hayabusa-2 The mission to asteroid Ryugu reveals the latest images 28 Behind the scenes: Nat Geos Mars A behind-the-scenes look at the channels second instalment 32 Future Tech Lucy in the sky The Lucy mission will study Trojan asteroids up cl

12、ose 34 Interview Wally Funk One of the Mercury 13 reveals why her mission could have replaced Apollo 11 to the Moon 38 Dark matter Can it be explained by the equally confusing misfit galaxies? 52 Water worlds Theyre abundant in our galaxy, but are they really the best place to look for life? 58 Fail

13、ure to launch! We look at the missions that didnt make it, and the things that got in the way 16 TURN TO PAGE 50 FOR DETAILS NAT GEOS MARS BEHIND THE SCENES 28 FREE FISHER SPACE PEN AND NIGHT SKY BOOK OFFER * veals ave Moon r e PAG E 50 F FO OR R 0 DETA AI I IL LS S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S

14、 S S S S S S S S S S T T R R R WORTH 34.99 *Offer ends 31st December 201874 OBSERVING ON A BUDGET Your complete guide to the night sky STARGAZER 64 Whats in the sky? There are plentiful hours to observe now 68 Planets on display Venus is a beautiful Morning Star, while Saturn and Mars wind down 80 M

15、oon tour We visit a small, relatively young crater that lies in the Sea of Serenity 81 This months naked eye targets A double star and the two pointers lie in Ursa Major 82 How to. Choose the right binoculars How to pick the right pair for clear, crisp views 84 Deep sky challenge Two edge-on wonders

16、 and the glinting eyes of an owl wait to be discovered in your scope 86 How toTake winter sky portraits Use your camera to capture the winter constellations 88 The Northern Hemisphere Gaze at Andromeda and its nest of neighbouring galaxies 90 A s t r o p h o t o s of the month The best of our reader

17、s astrophotography 96 In the Shops Our pick of the best books, apps, software and accessories DARK MATTER WIN! 94 CELESTRON NEXST AR 4SE WORTH 699 52 W ATER WORLDS 70 CLOUDY NIGHT ASTRONOMY 38 STRON R 9 NASA; ESA NA NA NA A SA SA; SA; ESA ESA ESA Space station silhouette Seen here cruising across th

18、e Sun is the much-loved International Space Station (ISS), travelling at roughly eight kilometres (five miles) per second. This didnt leave much time for the photographer to capture the nine frames that were needed to capture the stations silhouette. On board at the time were just three astronauts,

19、NASAs Serena Aun-Chancellor, Roscosmos Sergey Prokopyev and commander, ESAs Alexander Gerst. While in Earth orbit, the commander has helped install a new life-support system (inset) - the Advanced Closed Loop System (ACLS) will recycle more carbon dioxide into oxygen, allowing more room on the suppl

20、y missions and saving as much as 400 litres of water per year. 6 LAUNCH PAD YOUR FIRST CONTACT WITH THE UNIVERSENASA ESA/Hubble this is actually a picture taken by ESA astronaut Alexander Gerst captured from the International Space Station. He posted this image on social media along with his thought

21、s: “I dont know any words, in any language, to match the beauty of an orbital sunrise.” Watching the sunrise on top of the atmosphere is an experience only few in this world have had the privilege to see. On Earth, you can watch the sky turn from black to red and eventually to blue as the Sun rises,

22、 but it is extremely rare to see all three phases in the same shot. 9 9 9 9JAXA/MASCOT ESO Corona through the eclipse A collage of photographs taken of the solar eclipse on 21 August 2017, dubbed The Great American Eclipse, has led to this remarkable image. This picture flaunts the different stages

23、of the Moon passing in front of the Sun, but whats impressive about this picture is how the solar outer atmosphere, also known as the corona, is depicted surrounding the faint face of the Moon. The corona is the Suns hottest atmospheric layer and is shaped by the stars powerful magnetic field, shown

24、 best when its bright body is blocked out, in this case by this breathtaking natural phenomenon. MASCOTs descent to Ryugu Hayabusa2s recent arrival has been well celebrated throughout the scientific community as it marks an impressive milestone in the mission to sample and study a distant asteroid.

25、Ryugu, the targeted space rock located roughly 300 million kilometres (190 million miles) away from Earth, has recently had three visitors in the form of Hayabusa2s two MINERVA-II rovers and the MASCOT rover. This image was taken only a few minutes after MASCOTs separation from the main spacecraft,

26、and if you look to the top-right of the image, the shadow of MASCOT can be spotted on the asteroids rocky surface. 10 10 LAUNCH PAD YOUR FIRST CONTACT WITH THE UNIVERSE NASA/JPLCaltech One more before I go With 15 notches on the perijove tally, NASAs Juno spacecraft decided to look back and snatch a

27、 quick snap before it heads away for another 53 days. A perijove is the name given to a close flyby of Jupiter made by Juno due to its eccentric orbit, providing a window of opportunity lasting only a matter of hours for the spacecraft to collect valuable scientific data of the Solar Systems Goliath

28、. This colour-emphasised image of Jupiters southern region was taken on 6 September 2018 when Juno was at a distance of 89,500 kilometres (55,600 miles) from the swarming, banded clouds. 11 11 INASA; TARTASS News Agency / Alamy Stock Photo YOUR FIRST CONTACT WITH THE UNIVERSE LAUNCH PAD Left: The So

29、yuz MS-10 spacecraft encounters a problem, forcing the climb to be aborted Soyuz launch failure: NASA insists troubled rocket will fly again NASAs administrator Jim Bridenstine is confident American astronauts will fly again on a Soyuz rocket and that the next launch will be on schedule. Speaking in

30、 the wake of the booster failure which forced the crew of Soyuz flight MS-10 to dramatically abandon their trip on 10 October, he said NASA had a “really good idea of what happened” and that it wont ultimately end up leaving the International Space Station bereft of a crew, albeit temporarily. Belie

31、ving the relationship with Russia in space continues to be strong, “despite our political differences”, Bridenstine also spoke about the need for alternative transportation systems. Currently the Russian-operated Soyuz is the only vehicle able of transporting crews to the ISS, but Boeing and SpaceX

32、are working on commercial crew vehicles that are due to be launched early next year which would ensure better continuity of service. Even so, it isnt without worry. Members of the independent Aerospace Safety Advisory Panel are concerned that Boeing and SpaceX are pursuing unachievable schedules, sa

33、ying many technical issues are yet to be resolved. They are particularly keen for both companies to push recent events out of their minds and not accelerate plans for their vehicles to plug any gaps that the Soyuz failure may cause. “The panel believes that an over-constrained schedule driven by any

34、 real or perceived gap in astronaut transport to the ISS poses a danger that sound engineering design solutions could be superseded, critical programme content could be delayed or deleted and decisions of good enough to proceed could be made on insufficient data,” says Dr Patricia Sanders, chair of

35、ASAP. Problems raised include the reasons why a composite overwrapped pressure vessel caused a Falcon 9 to explode on its pad in September 2016 and issues with the parachute system on the Dragon. Even so, both Boeing and SpaceX say they are certain theyll meet their current schedules and stressed th

36、ey would never sacrifice safety just to be on time. Currently , SpaceX is expected to be testing an uncrewed flight in January , with Boeing following in March. Crewed flights are due in June and August respectively. Russia continues to investigate its failed Soyuz launch which affected the flights

37、of NASA astronaut Nick Hague and Russian cosmonaut Aleksey Ovchinin. Neither was injured following the emergency landing, but it put paid to their six- month stay on the ISS. It has, however, left current ISS crew members with an uncertain departure date, although they have enough fuel, oxygen, wate

38、r and food for six months, Russian officials say. But there are concerns that the schedules for SpaceX and Boeing alternatives are too tight “ T h e r e l a t i on sh i p with Russia in space continues to be strong, despite our political differences” 12 ESA NASA/JPLCaltech Scientists studying stars

39、travelling at high speeds within the Milky Way believe a good number of these celestial objects could actually be on a journey from another galaxy. Research using data from the European Space Agencys Gaia mission shows that most observed hypervelocity stars are rapidly moving towards the galactic ce

40、ntre. It had previously been thought such stars moved outwards. The fresh findings have been reported by scientists at Leiden University in the Netherlands following observations made by the Gaia spacecraft between 25 July 2014 and 23 May 2016. By looking at the positions, distance indicators and mo

41、tions of some seven million stars with full 3D velocity measurements, the researchers found 20 were fast enough to eventually escape the Milky Way. In the past such behaviour has been pinned on the black hole at the centre of our galaxy propelling these stars towards the Milky Ways edge. Here, howev

42、er, something unusual was happening. “Rather than flying away from the galactic centre, most of the high-velocity stars we spotted seem to be racing towards it,” explains study co-author Tommaso Marchetti. “These could be stars from another galaxy, zooming right through the Milky Way.” One possibili

43、ty is that the hypervelocity stars have come from a relatively small galaxy orbiting the Milky Way called the Large Magellanic Cloud. “Stars can be accelerated to high velocities when they interact with a supermassive black hole,” says co-author Elena Maria Rossi. “So the presence of these stars mig

44、ht be a sign of such black holes in nearby galaxies.” Alternatively, the stars may have been part of a binary system, flung towards the Milky Way when their companion star exploded as a supernova. “Studying them could tell us more about these kinds of processes in nearby galaxies,” Rossi concludes.

45、Fast stars may be joining us from other galaxies Gaia has helped astronomers spot hypervelocity stars that appear to come from outside the Milky Way New research is suggesting that the dwarf planet Ceres experienced a polar shift at some point in the past, causing the pole to move from its original

46、position before stabilising. Scientist Pasquale Tricarico from the Planetary Science Institute believes there may have been an indirect polar reorientation of approximately 36 degrees at some point in the past. He says it would explain topographical irregularities on Ceres crust, among them an overl

47、y dense equatorial region. It has long been thought that Ceres crust may be frozen, and Tricarico used that as the basis of his teams study . Using data from NASA s Dawn mission which launched in 2007 with the intention of studying Vesta and Ceres he found evidence of an ancient equatorial ridge in

48、a different location to the current equator. It suggests Ceres underwent true polar wander where the outer layers drifted before settling. “A multi-step reorientation could mean that the equatorial density anomaly was still evolving during the reorientation, and this could be because the crust and m

49、antle were weakly rotationally coupled, allowing the crust to start reorienting while the mantle would lag behind,” Tricarico said in a statement. This, he says, could indicate a layer of reduced friction between crust and mantle, something which points towards a potential ancient ocean. “One of the possible mechanisms to reduce friction could be an ancient water ocean beneath the crust,” Tricarico affirms. Ceres appears to have had a wandering crust perhaps because of an